The Quantum Christmas Tree

A father was decorating the Christmas tree with his daughter. “Dad,” the girl asked, “what are these shiny balls in this box?”

“Ah, darling,” her father smiled, lifting one carefully. “These are very special. They’re called qubits.”

“Qubits? What is qubit?”

“Let me show you. Just help me first hang them on the tree and connect them together… See?” He pointed at the wires as the glittering spheres hung from the branches. “Each shiny qubit is connected to three others. And through these golden couplers, they all connect to the main qubit right here on the very top.”

“Okay,” said his seven-year-old daughter, with her tender and curious voice.

“Now, I’ll show you how they work.” Her dad took out his phone. “On my screen, I have a special simulator. When I press this button…” He tapped the screen. A soft click came somewhere from the tree, and suddenly, every qubit began to glow with a gentle, inner light.

“Wow!” she breathed. “It’s amazing! They’re all shining!”

“Yes, they are,” he said. “Now watch. See how they start working together? The ones close to the top are changing color, growing brighter than the ones near the bottom. That’s called interference. It’s like a qubits’ song, but made of light.” The girl clapped her hands, delighted.

“But this is just practice.” Her dad said, waving a hand. “Tonight, when Quanta Claus comes…”

“Quanta Claus? Isn’t that Santa Claus?”

“Well, yes. Quanta is his another name from a… different, more magical book.”

“It’s a funny name, Dad! Quanta Claus!” She giggled.

Smiling, he continued. “When Quanta Claus arrives tonight, there will be a much bigger interference of light. All these qubits will blaze with color, flashing and swirling in a symphony of light more complex and more beautiful that anyone could imagine. They’ll shine like stars. Then, the big qubit on top will grow brighter and brighter, as if it’s gathering all the light from the others.” He leaned towards her, in a whispery voice. “Quanta Claus will touch it… and POOF!” (He made a grand, sweeping motion with his arms.) “Under the tree, all our gifts will appear! That is the great quantum magic of Quanta Claus.”

His daughter grew thoughtful. “But, Dad… all my friends at school say Santa Claus isn’t real. They say parents put the gifts there while we sleep.”

“No, my darling, that’s not true,” he said with the gentle and confident voice. “Quanta Claus is very real, and his magic is just different. I can’t make gifts appear from qubits, but he can.”

“Where does he live, then? In the North Pole? Or… inside this qubit?” she asked, tapping one of the glowing spheres.

“A wonderful question. Nobody knows for sure. Somewhere outside our spacetime, I think. You’ll learn about all that when you do your PhD.”

“I can’t wait to do my PhD,” she declared, “so I can look for Quanta Claus and learn his magic!”

“Okay,” he laughed, rising from the carpet to lift her up and carry her to her bedroom. “But for now, you need to go to sleep.”

“Okay… but I’m going to come down tonight to watch him arrive!”

“Ah, now that’s a very bad idea,” he said. “We can’t actually see Quanta Claus. And if you interrupt him in the middle of his magic, the gifts might not appear. Or they might be… different from the ones you wished for. The best thing is to sleep soundly. They say dreams influence the quantum magic, too. In your dreams, you can tell Quanta Claus what you wish for, and he might be able to make it for you.”

“Okay, Dad… You know what I’m going to dream about?”

“What, my little scientist?”

“I’m going to dream of a giant Christmas tree, with millions or billions of qubits! And of Quanta Claus, using his magic to make wonderful gifts for every child in the whole world!”

Her father kissed her forehead, his heart full. “I love you, honey. And I’m sure that one day, you’ll help make it happen, just like in your dream.”

Sasha Lazarevic
December 17, 2025

Quantum Ethics ?

Here is my initial contribution to the question of how to address ethical issues of quantum technologies.

First, I think there will be for some long time lack of knowledge and incorrect understanding in the general public what quantum computers and quantum technologies are, due to the disagreements and lack of explanation for the quantum phenomena. This lack of knowledge will at one moment inhibit the public discussion about the innovations and use of these technologies. We can see that by euphoria when some news about quantum are announced (example of Google’s quantum “supremacy” and similar) and this euphoria can go in the opposite direction and become negative in case of a real or only perceived misuse or dangers of quantum computers. How do we address this? It is very difficult question, but it cannot be ignored. People don’t understand even AI, with quantum computers it can be much worse.

The next problem is that quantum computers will not be used in isolation. They will be deeply integrated in a stack of other technologies, and people will judge the whole stack together (like the 4th Industrial Revolution concept – 4IR) based on its effects on the society, human identity or the natural environment. These “4IR technologies” will be judged by their domains of application and by who is applying these technologies for what purpose.

Now, we know that there will be two major actors behind AI and quantum: large corporations and nation-states. First are developing and using various kinds of technologies for the profit purposes, and the second are using them for the regime maintenance or warfare.

Consider an example: quantum can be used by AI, which is used by a metaverse world, which is used by a digital platform, which is used by a company to develop and target advertisements, entertainment or video games to the young population. They all want to make their respective customer(s) engaged. Now, you can read this word “engaged” also as addicted. So, who is responsible for the addiction of the young users, which technology should be regulated, and where should we apply ethics ? When you take them isolated, we can find arguments that these technologies are value-neutral. But the final result might not be value-neutral.

So, the question is: what should be done with that? Luke Munn in his paper says: “AI Ethics has largely been useless”. This reflects the inconvenient truth that all governance initiatives to regulate technology were more or less unsuccessful. You may check this paper of Roger Clarke, which details all unsuccessful technology regulation attempts much before this AI hype. According to this paper, the only mechanism that could work is Co-regulation, but under the condition that there is a strong and uncompromising minister who stakes his personal accountability. In other words, some kind of benevolent dictator coming from the government.

Nevertheless, this topic is indeed important. Currently digital platforms like Facebook, Google and alike are not so invested in QC, but once the large quantum computers are up and running, naturally the capital will look for the use cases to address the market of billions of consumers. And when this happens, the neuroscience might achieve mapping of the brain, genetical engineering may achieve breakthroughs in gene editing, and AI will probably come to the level of artificial general intelligence (AGI). And in this context, ethics will become very important and indeed the people will judge all this stack. Maybe indiscriminately..

SEF 2023

I am very grateful for the opportunity to participate at Swiss Economic Forum during two days, on June 8-9 this year.

SEF is the most important annual conference for Swiss executives and this year it was even more prestigious as the 25th anniversary edition. The talks were in areas of the financial system, sustainability, geopolitics, innovation and of course digital technologies.

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Rydberg Qubits

A friend of mine shared a link recently in LinkedIn of the news about QuEra’s 256-qubit quantum computer and this attracted my attention. It is true that nowadays we mostly follow the progress of superconducting qubits, trapped ions or photonic systems, so cold atoms is not something I was familiar about. But this technology made some promising advances, and reading a couple of research papers was enough to realize that cold atoms have some compelling advantages.

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IBM Global Qiskit Summer School 2021

In July this year, IBM organized their already traditional Qiskit Summer School, and I was lucky enough to be able to register and follow.

Qiskit is a programming framework for coding quantum algorithms on IBM quantum computers. It is developed and maintained not only by IBM developers, but also a large community of external developers and Qiskit Advocates (to which I also belong). Qiskit summer school this year (GQSS21) was focused on quantum machine learning, a very exciting field at the intersection between quantum computing and machine learning. During two weeks, we learned about topics like:

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Quantum Computing Master Class

On January 31, I was instructor at the Quantum Master Class at IBM Studio in Zürich.

I coded in Qiskit (IBM’s Python SDK for quantum information science) and demonstrated how different Bell states can be implemented in jupyter notebook, how one can code the entanglement of three qubits, how to develop of the quantum circuit for bit addition, and the logic behind Deutsch’s algorithm with its implementation in Qiskit. Continue reading “Quantum Computing Master Class”